Reproductive Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Focus on Male and Female Infertility

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) significantly impacts various physiological systems, including reproductive health. This review explores the complex interplay between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and infertility in men and women, focusing on the underlying mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and management strategies. In men, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with hypogonadism, reduced testosterone levels, impaired spermatogenesis, and sexual dysfunction, often leading to infertility. Women with chronic kidney disease frequently experience menstrual irregularities, anovulation, and decreased fertility due to hormonal imbalances, impaired ovarian function, and systemic inflammation. Advanced chronic kidney disease stages further exacerbate these effects through uremia and oxidative stress. Pregnancy in women with CKD poses additional challenges, including increased risks of preeclampsia, preterm birth, and fetal growth restrictions. Dialysis and kidney transplantation can partially restore reproductive function, but challenges remain in optimizing outcomes. This review highlights the importance of early detection and multidisciplinary management to improve chronic kidney disease patients’ quality of life and reproductive outcomes. Understanding the intricate relationship between chronic kidney disease and infertility is crucial for developing targeted interventions and guiding patient counseling. Future research should focus on personalized approaches and novel therapeutic strategies to address the reproductive health needs of individuals with CKD.